28.03.2024

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(ODPRTA KODA ZA POPOLNE ZAČETNIKE)
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==ODPRTA KODA ZA POPOLNE ZAČETNIKE ==
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==Open source for absolute beginners==
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Perhaps you have already heard about open source software and you can't quite believe that it offers a way to use software for free. Perhaps you have heard that open source is a movement espoused by men (and some women!) sporting beards and sandals. Perhaps you have simply no idea what it is and you want to find out more. Whatever your motivations, it's always a good time to start learning about free and open source software.
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Verjetno ste že slišali za izraze odprtokodni programi, prosti programi in se vam filozofija, ki leži za tem, ni najbolj jasna? Kako je lahko nekaj tako kompleksnega, kot je nek program brezplačno? Kakršni koli so že motivi za vašo radovednost, je vedno pravi čas, da začnete spoznavati brezplačne in odprtokodne programe. In '''Center Odprte Kode Slovenije''' je najboljša izhodiščna točka za kaj takšnega.
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===1. What is open source software?===
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Ask what the main defining characteristic of open source software is and most people will tell you It's free! Whilst this is usually true it is not the defining characteristic. The key to understanding the meaning of open source software lies in the licence.
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You may not have even been aware that virtually all software comes with a licence. That's because software is copyright material. The licence is needed to let you know what you can do with the software. Open source software is always software that has been released under a licence that has been certified by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). These licences are certified to meet the criteria of the Open Source Definition.
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The criteria include granting of the right to freely redistribute the software, access to the source code, and the permission to modify that source code and distribute the modified version of the software. Of course licensing issues may not be of any particular interest to you. For open source software, however, these are crucial because only the licence gives you, as a receiver of the software, the permission laid out in the Open Source Definition.
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So is it free or not?
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Nothing in an OSI-approved licence prohibits anyone from charging for a particular piece of open source software. However, this rarely happens. Since the licence enables anyone to redistribute the software freely, any customer could make a million copies and just give them away. Charging a licence fee for open source software just isn't a practical way to make money. But yes, there are other ways to make money with software than merely charging a fee to let people use it. The important thing to note is that the low cost of acquiring open source software is a by-product of the licence and not a criteria for such a licence. There are others as well.
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===2. Is free software the same as open source software?===
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Yes and no.
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The expression free software is championed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). Free here always means free in the sense of freedom, not in the sense of having no monetary cost. It was coined long before the expression open source software came along. In the same way that the OSI is the arbiter of open source definition, the Free Software Foundation is the maintainer of the Free Software Definition. However, it is entirely possible that a licence can be deemed free by the FSF at the same time as being certified as open source by the OSI. Indeed, the best known free software licence, the GNU General Public License is also an OSI-certified licence.
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One final point. Do not be mislead if you come across the term freeware. This is not open source software. It is also not free software (in the FSF sense). It is merely software with no financial cost. Again, this term comes from an earlier era. It is much deprecated these days.
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===3. How does the open source world work?===
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Why would anyone want to give away the software program that they have sweated blood and tears over? And how do they give it away? Moreover, what happens after the software has been released to all and sundry? Who looks after it and produces new and improved versions? These questions divide into a consideration of open source as a software development methodology, and the notion of open source communities. OSS Watch has a number of briefing notes exploring aspects of how the open source world works.
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====3.1. Open source development====
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Open source is developed by a number of people who may have no connection to one another apart from their interest in the open source project. Consequently, the software development methodologies adopted are not the same as those found in closed source development projects. The first major difference is in the roles that people play within the development process. There are no "managers" in the sense of someone capable of delegating tasks to others, each team member takes on whatever tasks they need to in order to make the software suitable for their needs. However, the development process is far from chaotic, there are mechanisms in place to ensure that each developers changes are in keeping with the needs of other users an developers.
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A second, key area for open source development is the need to involve users within the development process. One common way of doing this is to encourage new users to assist with parts of the development process, such as creating project documentation, user testing, requirements analysis and use case design.
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====3.2. Communities====
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Since open source is developed by a group of individuals with a shared interest in the project this community of users and programmers is key to the advancement of any open source project. The following documents look at various aspects of community in open source.
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*[https://www.opensource.org/index.php Open Source Initiative]
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*[https://www.fsf.org/ Free Software Foundation]
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*[https://www.ofset.org/ OFSET - Organization for Free Software in Education and Teaching]
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*[https://www.schoolforge.org.uk/index.php/Main_Page SchoolForge-UK]
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===Kaj je odprta koda?===
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source: www.oss-watch.ac.uk
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Če vprašate kaj je glavna lastnost odprtokodnih programov, vam večina ljudi odgovorilo, da so brezplačni. To je sicer v večini primerov res, ni pa nujno in brezplačnost tudi ni glavna karakteristika odprtokodnih programov. Ključ razumevanja odprte kode je v njenem licenciranju.
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Morda niti niste opazili, a vsak program, ne glede na to ali gre za odptrokodni ali komercialnen, vsebuje licenco. To je zato, ker so računalniški programi avtorsko zaščiteni, v licenci pa avtorji sporočajo, kaj se sme delati z programom in česa ne. Tudi odprtokodni programi vsebujejo licenco, ki pa mora upoštevati pogoje, potrjene s strani '''[http://www.opensource.org/index.php Open Source Initiative (OSI)]'''. Šele v tem primeru je nek program mogoče označiti kot odprtokodni oziroma zanj lahko rečemo, da ustreza odprtokodnim kriterijem.
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Med kriteriji za to, da je nek program odrptokoden, je tudi pravica do redistribucije programov, dostop do izvorne kode in dovoljenje za spreminjanje kode, ter dovoljenja distribucije spremenjene verzije programa. Licenciranje verjetno ni najbolj pomembna stvar za vas, je pa pomembna za odprto kodo, ker samo licenca daje uporabniku pravice, zapisane v definiciji odprte kode.
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'''So odprotokodni programi brezplačni ali ne?'''
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Nikjer v licenci OSI ne piše, da je kak program ali njegov del prepovedano prodajati. In če nekaj ni prepovedano, je dovoljeno. Torej je odprtokodni program mogoče tudi prodajati. A se to zgodi le redko. Ker licenca dovoljuje prosto distribucijo programov, lahko vsak kupec naredi kolikor hoče kopij in jih brezplačno razdeli komur želi. Zaračunavanje licenc tako ni najbolj praktičen način zaslužka. Seveda pa obstajajo tudi drugačne možnosti za zaslužek. Kar si je vredno zapomniti je, da je nizka cena licenc odprtokodnih programov posledica načina licenciranja, ne pa kriterij za licenco.
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===Je prosto programje enako kot odprtokodno programje?===
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Ne! Izraz „prosto programje“ (Free Software) je tisto, za katerim stoji Free Software Foudation (FSF). Izraz "prosto programje" je mnogo starejši od „odprtokodno programje“. Na enak način kot OSI skrbi za odprto kodo, FSF skrbi za prosto programje. Je pa na primer možno, da je določen program proglašen kot brezplačen s strani FSF in hkrati overjen kot odprtokodni pri OSI. Najbolj znana GNU – General Public Licence licenca je tudi OSI overjena licenca.
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Še zadnja točka. Ne pustite se zavesti, ko se srečate s terminom freeware. To ni odprtokodna licenca, prav tako to ne pomeni, da je prosta licenca (v smislu FSF). To so programi, ki so sicer brezplani, a z njimi ne dobite izvorne kode. Ta termin je morda že nekoliko zastarel.
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=== Kako deluje svet odprte kode?===
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Zakaj bi nekdo želel dati javnosti na razpolago program, za katerega je potil svoje solze in kri? In kako ga dajejo na razpolago? Kaj se zgodi s takim programom po tem, ko se ga da v javno uporabo in kdo kasneje skrbi zanj in izdaja popravke? Vsa ta vprašanja vodijo v razumevanje odprte kode kot metode razvoja programske opreme in razumevanje odprtokodnih skupnosti.
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==== Razvoj odprte kode====
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Odprto kodo razvijajo številni ljudje, ki med seboj nimajo nujno dosti skupnega, razen interesov v določenem odprtokodnem projektu. Posledično so metode razvoja odprtokodne programske opreme[[(OKPO)]] drugačne od tistih znotraj lastniških programskih projektov [[(LPO)]].
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Prva pomembna razlika so vloge teh ljudi v razvojnem procesu. Tu ni menedžerjev v smislu delegiranja nalog drugim, vsak član razvojne skupine se spopade s katerikoli izzivom, ki izhaja iz prilagoditve programov njihovim lastnim potrebam. Vseeno pa je razvojni proces daleč od kaosa, saj obstajajo mehanizmi, ki zagotavljajo da se spremembe programov upoštevajo potrebe ostalih uporabnikov in razvijalcev.
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Drugo pomembno področje je potreba po vključevanju uporabnikov v razvojni proces. Zato je značilno spodbujanje novih uporabnikov k pomoči pri posameznih delih razvojnega procesa, kot na primer pisanje dokumentacije, testiranje, analiziranje zahtev za uporabo ter zapisovanje praktičnih primerov uporabe.
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====Skupnosti====
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Ker odprto kodo razvija skupina posameznikov, katere združuje skupni interes pri določenem projektu, je skupnost uporabnikov in programerjev ključnega pomena za napredovanje katerega koli odprtokodnega projekta.
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Priporočamo naslednje eksterne vire:
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*[https://www.opensource.org/index.php Open Source Initiative(En)]
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*[https://www.fsf.org/ Free Software Foundation (En)]
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*[https://www.ofset.org/ OFSET - Organization for Free Software in Education and Teaching (En)]
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*[https://www.schoolforge.org.uk/index.php/Main_Page SchoolForge-UK (En)]
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===Je možno preskusiti kak odprtokodni program?===
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Če berete to stran na internetu, obstaja velika verjetnost, da že uporabljate oziroma ste v stiku z odprtokodnimi programi.
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[https://www.institut-oko.si/osfcd/html OKO-CD] je odličen vir odprtokodnih programov, ki jih lahko namestite na svoje namizje Windows. Vsebuje paket z e-poštnim odjemalcem, spletni brskalnik, pisarniški paket in še kaj. Vse skupaj je na enem CD-ju z enostavnim postopkom namestitve (in izbrisa z računalnika, v kolikor boste to želeli).
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Programe lahko v obliki zapisa ISO snamete s spodnjega naslova in zapečete na CD. Ker gre za odprtokodne programe, lahko naredite neomejeno število kopij za vaše prijatelje, sošolce ali sodelavce.
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* [ftp://ftp.institut-oko.si/OKO-CD/OKO-CD_v2.iso OKO-CD ISO]
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===Kaj je še na voljo in kje iskati?===
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Na spletu je na voljo ogromno odprtokodnih programov in operacijskih sistemov. Za začetek vam predlagamo da poiščete informacije na naših spletnih straneh www.coks.si Te vam bodo v pomoč tudi pri izbiri in uporabi odprtokodnih programov.
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Zunanji viri:
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*[https://freshmeat.net Freshmeat.net - napovedi novih različic programov (En)]
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*[https://sourceforge.net SourceForge.net – repozitorij več tisočih odprtokodnih projektov (En)]
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Current revision

Contents

Open source for absolute beginners

Perhaps you have already heard about open source software and you can't quite believe that it offers a way to use software for free. Perhaps you have heard that open source is a movement espoused by men (and some women!) sporting beards and sandals. Perhaps you have simply no idea what it is and you want to find out more. Whatever your motivations, it's always a good time to start learning about free and open source software.

1. What is open source software?

Ask what the main defining characteristic of open source software is and most people will tell you It's free! Whilst this is usually true it is not the defining characteristic. The key to understanding the meaning of open source software lies in the licence. You may not have even been aware that virtually all software comes with a licence. That's because software is copyright material. The licence is needed to let you know what you can do with the software. Open source software is always software that has been released under a licence that has been certified by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). These licences are certified to meet the criteria of the Open Source Definition. The criteria include granting of the right to freely redistribute the software, access to the source code, and the permission to modify that source code and distribute the modified version of the software. Of course licensing issues may not be of any particular interest to you. For open source software, however, these are crucial because only the licence gives you, as a receiver of the software, the permission laid out in the Open Source Definition. So is it free or not? Nothing in an OSI-approved licence prohibits anyone from charging for a particular piece of open source software. However, this rarely happens. Since the licence enables anyone to redistribute the software freely, any customer could make a million copies and just give them away. Charging a licence fee for open source software just isn't a practical way to make money. But yes, there are other ways to make money with software than merely charging a fee to let people use it. The important thing to note is that the low cost of acquiring open source software is a by-product of the licence and not a criteria for such a licence. There are others as well.

2. Is free software the same as open source software?

Yes and no. The expression free software is championed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). Free here always means free in the sense of freedom, not in the sense of having no monetary cost. It was coined long before the expression open source software came along. In the same way that the OSI is the arbiter of open source definition, the Free Software Foundation is the maintainer of the Free Software Definition. However, it is entirely possible that a licence can be deemed free by the FSF at the same time as being certified as open source by the OSI. Indeed, the best known free software licence, the GNU General Public License is also an OSI-certified licence. One final point. Do not be mislead if you come across the term freeware. This is not open source software. It is also not free software (in the FSF sense). It is merely software with no financial cost. Again, this term comes from an earlier era. It is much deprecated these days.

3. How does the open source world work?

Why would anyone want to give away the software program that they have sweated blood and tears over? And how do they give it away? Moreover, what happens after the software has been released to all and sundry? Who looks after it and produces new and improved versions? These questions divide into a consideration of open source as a software development methodology, and the notion of open source communities. OSS Watch has a number of briefing notes exploring aspects of how the open source world works.

3.1. Open source development

Open source is developed by a number of people who may have no connection to one another apart from their interest in the open source project. Consequently, the software development methodologies adopted are not the same as those found in closed source development projects. The first major difference is in the roles that people play within the development process. There are no "managers" in the sense of someone capable of delegating tasks to others, each team member takes on whatever tasks they need to in order to make the software suitable for their needs. However, the development process is far from chaotic, there are mechanisms in place to ensure that each developers changes are in keeping with the needs of other users an developers. A second, key area for open source development is the need to involve users within the development process. One common way of doing this is to encourage new users to assist with parts of the development process, such as creating project documentation, user testing, requirements analysis and use case design.

3.2. Communities

Since open source is developed by a group of individuals with a shared interest in the project this community of users and programmers is key to the advancement of any open source project. The following documents look at various aspects of community in open source.

source: www.oss-watch.ac.uk